200

Lincoln--Preserver of the Nation

Today is the 200th anniversary of the birth of America's most loved president, Abraham Lincoln. My favorite memorial in all of Washington--and perhaps even the United States--is the Lincoln Memorial. Anchoring the west end of the National Mall, this temple to our 16th president is inspiring.

Statue of Abraham Lincoln in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol

Lincoln busts in the U.S. Capitol. On the left, as a young representative from Illinois and
on the right, as a wizened president of a nation divided and reunited.

The Lincoln Memorial isn't the only monument or homage paid to the Great Emancipator in the Federal City, though. In the U.S. Capitol, there is a statue of Lincoln in the Rotunda and two busts--one of a young Lincoln, the other of a much-aged Lincoln.

Lincoln in Profile

For additional information about Lincoln at D.C. Confidential, go here. Click images to enlarge, if you'd like!

Upon his death, Edward Stanton, Lincoln's Secretary of State,
proclaimed "Now he belongs to the ages..."

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 02/09

Friends

My best friend from grad school, Mary Ellen, has been in town this past week for a conference and then a little sightseeing and such. Her husband, Mike, was here as well for a few days. On Sunday, we went to see the mosaics at the National Basilica of the Shrine of the Immaculate Conception.

Pentagon 9/11 Memorial at sunset

After that, we ventured out to the States to see the Pentagon 9/11 Memorial. Then we wandered back into the city and visited some of the monuments and memorials on the west end of the National Mall, including the Lincoln Memorial.

Mike and Mary Ellen at the Pentagon 9/11 Memorial and at the Basilica

On Thursday, I'll post photos of our visit to the new Capitol Visitors' Center and the Library of Congress.

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 02/09

Team of Rivals

Abraham Lincoln (left in the painting), a long shot for the presidency, beat out several
more seasoned opponents, including William Seward (bust on the right.) Lincoln went
on to appoint his rivals to his cabinet in a stroke historian Doris Kearns Goodwin has called
"political genius." President-elect Obama is following Mr. Lincoln's lead as he builds his Cabinet.

If you've been watching the transition activities of President-elect Barack Obama, you may have noted that he is preparing to name several campaign rivals to his Cabinet. What Mr. Obama is doing is reminiscent of what President Abraham Lincoln did after his victory in the Election of 1860. Mr. Lincoln was not favored to win and was running against more seasoned national figures like William Seward and Edward Stanton. When Mr. Lincoln won, he decided the best thing he could do would be to surround himself with intelligent, experienced men with political acumen. He found those men among his rivals for the presidency.

Mr. Obama is engaging in the same kind of strategy--appointing New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson to Commerce and New York Senator Hillary Clinton to State, two from among the field of candidates he ran against--and signaling a few things. First, that he views these two as seasoned, intelligent contributors to his upcoming policies and agenda. Second, that he wishes to patch up any last remnants of animosity that may have arisen in the campaign between candidates. And third, that he is effectively eliminating any competition when he runs for a second term in 2012. (That last one he won't actually say, but it is a result of his choices, particularly where Mrs. Clinton is concerned. She can't run against him as Secretary of State in 2012 unless she resigns her post, assuming she accepts the position.)

If you want to learn more about Mr. Lincoln and his cabinet and gain some insight into what Mr. Obama is doing, pick up a copy of historian Doris Kearns Goodwin's Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln.

*****

Tomorrow's post: Thankful

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 11/08

Jubilation

Chants and outbursts of jubilation define the crowds that surged into
the streets of Washington and flowed to Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the
White House after it was announced that Barack Obama, the long-shot candidate
and senator from Illinois, had been elected America's 44th president.

Last night, history was made in the United States of America. For the first time, a black man has been elected to the highest office in the land. More than 100 117.7 million Americans voted. Of those who voted, 52%, or 52.7 62.4 million, cast their ballots for Senator Barack Obama of Illinois. Senator Obama garnered 338 349 electoral votes, surpassing the 270 needed, and was declared the 44th President of the United States.

Celebrating with the crowd in front of the White House

A large portion of the country burst into spontaneous celebration. Down on Pennsylvania Avenue, in front of the White House, a crowd of thousands gathered to chant "Yes We Can!" and "Yes We Did!" and "Obama! Obama!" Most of them appeared to be students from nearby George Washington and Georgetown Universities, but there were also many who seemed to be coming from the city's neighborhoods and the suburbs of Virginia and Maryland to be a part of history. Up on U and 14th Streets NW--Washington's historic Black Broadway--crowds of people poured out of their homes, restaurants, and bars and began celebrating.

While I was down at the White House tonight, three complete strangers--all African American--hugged me and others. This is a monumental day for them and an opportunity for change for all of us. The pictures I took aren't the greatest. I was being jostled by the crowd at times and didn't want to block the way at other times. But I hope they give you a sense for the moment. Similar celebrations were taking place from coast-to-coast.

About a mile from the White House,
a few people quietly gathered on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.

America has spoken and the way is clear. It won't be easy, but if we work together so much is possible. Last night was a night for all Americans to be proud!

*****

Kendra and Jake, new D.C. residents who moved here from Montana,
join in the celebration in front of the White House.

Continuing my 100 Strangers series, this is a picture of Kendra and Jake. They just moved here from Montana to work for a couple of non-profits here in town. They were soaking up the enthusiasm in front of the White House and were excited to learn that as of 12:30 a.m. EST their state was tilting toward Obama. As I type this at 2:50 a.m. EST, Obama and McCain are tied for Montana. Update 8:25 a.m. EST: McCain carried Montana, but while 50% of Big Sky voters cast their ballots for him 46% went for Obama. Not bad. Not bad at all.

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 11/05/08

Posted at 3:30 a.m. EST. Updated to reflect new polling results at 7:30 a.m. EST.

People's Choice

Lincoln at Sunrise : People's Choice Award Winner : Monuments of Faith Exhibit

I'm sure you're thinking, haven't I seen that picture like sixteen bajillion times already?!

Sunday was the end of the Monuments of Faith photo exhibit and competition at the Mormon Temple Visitor's Center in Kensington, Maryland. This afternoon, in the midst of wheezing, hacking, and having a headache which was inspiring thoughts and desires of full-blown hari kari, I left the house long enough to go up and pick up my pictures.

I'm delighted to share that my picture of Lincoln at Sunrise officially won a People's Choice Award!

If there was an awards ceremony, I'd stumble up the stairs to the tune of The West Wing. Then I'd gush ridiculously and say silly stuff like "I'd like to thank the feline in my house for always winding through my feet early in the morning while I'm stumbling to the loo. Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! Aaaah!"

But seriously, what I do want to say is thanks to my mom for suggesting I enter this contest. And thank you to my friend Sylvia, who's also been pushing me to enter stuff like this. (I just entered DC FotoWeek on her suggestion.) Most importantly, though, I want to thank everyone who visits this blog. I wanted to bring Washington to my friends and family all over the country and the world and, in the process, I've met some really wonderful people showing me their corner of the globe and inspiring me to continue sharing mine. Thank you!

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential

The Party of Lincoln?

Lincoln and the Emancipation of the Slave

I try to avoid being political on this blog, because I want to show people Washington as more than just the partisan, political city it is reported and perceived as in the media. True, our nation's government resides here and history happens in this place on an hourly basis, but Washington, D.C. is more than the President, the Congress, and the Supreme Court. It is also a place where people live and work and a city where people from all over the country and the world come to be inspired.

This quiet park is located about a mile east of the U.S. Capitol

Part of Washington's inspiration is the legacy of one of America's greatest presidents, Abraham Lincoln. There are several monuments and memorials to Lincoln. Some of them are better known and recognized. Others are off the beaten path and little seen, except by those who live or work in their vicinity. One of these memorials is east of the capitol in a little urban oasis aptly named Lincoln Park. This statue of Lincoln depicts him as the author of the Emancipation Proclamation--an epic, pivotal document which ended slavery in the United States in 1863--and includes a slave being freed from his shackles.

Emancipation

In yesterday's Washington Post, an article on the recently adjourned Republican National Convention reported that the Republican Party--the party of Lincoln--has failed to diversify and remains a party of mostly white, upper and upper-middle class Americans. Out of nearly 2,400 delegates at the RNC, only 36 were black. That's less than 2% of all delegates. By contrast, 24% of the delegates at the DNC convention were black. Now granted, I know that number is up probably because the DNC's candidate is black, but that doesn't take away from the appallingly low numbers in the RNC (and, even without that as a factor, DNC representation by blacks still remains around 20%.) I don't think it's much of a stretch to say, if Lincoln was alive today and participating in the party he represented nearly 150 years ago as a candidate for president, he'd be appalled, too!

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 09/08

Lincoln Cottage

The front of the Lincoln Cottage (far right)
on the grounds of the Armed Forces Retirement Home

Among other activities this weekend, I had tickets for a guided tour of the Lincoln Cottage on the grounds of the Armed Forces Retirement Home (AFRH.) The cottage was built in 1842 by George Washington Riggs, founder of Riggs National Bank, and was located on 300 acres of rural farmland two miles north of downtown Washington. In modern parlance, Riggs built a cabin in the woods! Around 1850, Riggs sold the property and buildings to the U.S. Government, which acquired it for the purpose of creating an Old Soldiers Home. (Ironically, Jefferson Davis, who was then Secretary of War for President Franklin Pierce and would later become president of the secessionist Confederate States of America, shared in the effort to create this retirement home.)

The back of the Lincoln Cottage on the grounds of the AFRH

President Lincoln and his family lived in the cottage for one-quarter of Mr. Lincoln's presidency. They would take up residence every June and depart in November during his administration. President Lincoln would commute to work at the White House during the day, but spent evenings and weekends at the cottage. He could often be seen alone astride a horse riding back and forth between 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW and this bucolic oasis above the city. It was here that President Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation. His last visit to the house was the day before he was assassinated on April 14, 1856. He and Mrs. Lincoln traveled to the cottage to make preparations for their stay that summer.

U.S. Soldiers' and Airmens' Home National Cemetery--
the predecessor to Arlington National Cemetery

In addition to the cottage, there is a military cemetery across the street which predates Arlington National Cemetery and served as the primary burial ground of early Union dead during the Civil War. The cottage is open seven days a week, except Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day. Tours are available and it is highly recommended that you obtain tickets before visiting. As the cottage is located on the grounds of the AFRH, visitors are restricted to the cottage and the Robert H. Smith Visitors Center.

Robert H. Smith Visitors Center

The Lincoln Cottage also has a blog, which is updated several times a week and provides interesting facts and information. If you're visiting Washington or you love Civil War history, this is a definite must-see.

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 08/08

Competing

Lincoln at Sunrise : The National Mall : Washington, D.C.

Last month, I entered my very first photo contest, which is being held at the Washington DC Temple Visitor's Center of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) in Kensington, Maryland. If you live in the D.C. area and you want to see some good amateur and professional photography, stop in and see this exhibit. I submitted three pieces to the show and two of them made it onto the wall.

The photo above of the Lincoln Memorial was taken last fall at sunrise. The photo below has appeared on this blog as a black and white, but I submitted it to this competition in color. The one photo that didn't make it into the exhibit was my picture of the Washington DC Temple. It was featured here in June as part of my entry Study in Blue.

Natural Bonsai : Widewater Gap : Great Falls-on-the-Potomac, Maryland

The free exhibit is called Monuments of Faith and is open to the public seven days a week until September 14. I'm also working on opening a gallery at Image Kind and hope to begin selling some of my photos in the next week or so! Stay tuned and watch for an Image Kind widget in the left navbar.

Ethereal Dusk : Washington DC LDS Temple : Kensington, Maryland

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential

End to End

The U.S. Capitol around sunset.
I couldn't get any closer than this with my tripod.

Today's pictures aren't really that new in terms of content, but they are in terms of having just been shot. Starting on the east end of the Mall is the U.S. Capitol. I wanted to go on the grounds with my tripod and take more pictures, but I was accosted by the Capitol Police. They told me my tripod was prohibited unless I had a permit from the Sergeant-at-Arms. Total crock o' crap, but whatever. I'll go back during regular hours and get a permit.

The Washington Monument and U.S. Capitol from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
This is the view Martin Luther King, Jr., looked out upon when he delivered his immortal
"I Have a Dream" speech in 1963.

After that little debacle, I climbed in the car and headed down to the Lincoln Memorial. The next two pictures are the result of visiting my favorite memorial in the entire city. It also brought me in contact with tourists and, once again, provided me with an irksome moment. So: rant alert. As I was photographing Lincoln's eastward facing facade, I overheard a gentleman telling his friends about Martin Luther King, Jr.'s famous "I Have a Dream" speech. Said gentleman informed his friends that King delivered his speech near the Washington Monument looking westward toward the Lincoln Memorial.

It was everything I could do not to look at him and say, "Are you freakin' kidding?!" Instead, what I said was, "Actually, King gave his speech right here on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial looking out toward the Washington Monument. There's a plaque in the granite stairs up there," I gestured, "that marks where he stood."

Now, I don't expect folks to know every little thing there is to know about Washington, D.C., when they come here. For example, I don't expect people to know it was Daniel Chester French who sculpted Lincoln, or that the Washington Monument was constructed in sections, or that Franklin Roosevelt was the only president to appoint a full Supreme Court. But I do expect people to know what the significant buildings are and what important events happened in and around the city. In other words, I expect people to do a little homework before they visit a capital city. Whether it's Paris, Rome, London, Washington, Atlanta, Ottawa, Sydney, Vienna, Moscow, Toyko, Beijing, or wherever, please, I beg of you, do some homework before you visit these places. And if you live here, know what you're talking about before you open your mouth. Otherwise, you just look stupid.

Watching the sunset from below the Lincoln Memorial

Okay, rant over. Thanks for indulging me. And now for this last picture: a view of the Lincoln Memorial unlike most you've seen here. This was taken from halfway up the stairs that border the Potomac River to the west of Mr. Lincoln's temple.

To see more pictures from this evening's walk, go to Standing Room Only.

* * * * *

Oh, and apparently I've won an award from Rob over at Dusty Lens. Here are the details.

Rob from DUSTY LENS sent me this Arte y Pico Award. Thanks, Rob! The feeling is mutual!

1. You have to pick five blogs that you consider 'deserving of this award for their creativity, design, interesting material and which contributes to the blogging community, no matter what language they are in.'
2. Each award has to have the name of the author and also a link to his/her blog to be visited by everyone.
3. Each award winner has to show the award and put the name and link to the blog that has given him/her the award itself.
4. The award winner and the one who has given the prize has to show the Arte y Pico blog so that everyone will know the origin of the award.
5. Each award winner has to post these rules.

My choices are:

Odessa Photo-a-Day
Tauranga Photo-a-Day
Cheltenham Daily Photo
London Daily Nature Photo
San Francisco's Fog Bay

Just copy and paste the rules above, copy, save, and paste the Arte y Pico award on the left and go pick your five!

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 07/08

KABOOM! KABOOM!

Rockets Red Glare : Fireworks on the National Mall : Lincoln Memorial

I vacillated whether to brave the weather, traffic, the crowds, and security this year in order to see the annual fireworks show on the National Mall. At around 7:00 I decided, what the heck! I've really wanted to take fireworks pictures and now that I have a good tripod, I didn't want to miss an opportunity. So, I drove from my neighborhood in tippy-top NW DC down to 15th and R Streets NW and parked. Then I walked nearly 2.5 miles to Memorial Bridge and the back side of the Lincoln Memorial where I set up my tripod and camera and got ready for the action to start. Here are the results of my first time taking pictures of fireworks (with appropriate equipment) and succeeding!

Bombs Bursting in Air : Fireworks on the National Mall : Lincoln Memorial

True Blue, All-American Fireworks : National Mall : Lincoln Memorial

Yee haw! : Fireworks on the National Mall : Lincoln Memorial

Hope everyone had a fun and safe July 4th!

Hallowed

Fort Stevens: Washington's first line of defense during the Civil War

Battleground National Cemetery:
Hallowed ground for the 41 dead from the Battle of Fort Stevens

Located in the heart of urban D.C.,
this is the smallest military cemetery in the United States

A few months ago, I posted a picture of Fort Reno--one of the ring of forts that encircled the National Capital during the Civil War. It was at Fort Reno that Federal troops saw the approach of Confederate troops led by Gen. Jubal Early and alerted the garrison at Fort Stevens, four miles to the east.

On July 11 - 12, 1864, the troops of Fort Stevens engaged Early's troops and repelled their attack. On both days, President Lincoln rode up from his summer cottage at the Old Soldiers' Home to view the fighting. At one point, he came under fire and, whether true or apocryphal, was told, "Get down, you fool!" by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. He is only the second president to come under fire, the first being James Madison during the War of 1812.

At the end of the fighting casualties stood this--Federals: 41, Confederates: 833. The Union dead are buried less than half a mile away from the fort in Battleground National Cemetery. Located on Georgia Avenue, the cemetery is tucked between residential housing and low-income apartments. It is the smallest military cemetery in the United States. If you're visiting D.C., a trip to Fort Stevens and the Battleground National Cemetery could be combined with a visit to Walter Reed, which is another three blocks to the north.


Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 3/08

Fascinating Artifacts

Walter Reed Army Hospital--the original building.
Behind it is the newer Walter Reed Army Medical Center.

One of more than 15 display cases chronicling the history and development
of the microscope--the pathologist's best friend.

Death mask and hand casts of President Abraham Lincoln,
as well as artifacts related to his assassination.

Last week, I posted a bit about prosthetics and the young men and women who rehabilitate at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. This week, I wanted to show you a little more from the National Museum of Health and Medicine at WRAMC. The museum was founded in 1862 "to study and improve medical conditions during the American Civil War." As I mentioned previously, the museum is open to the public and houses exhibits not only on advances in medicine as a result of breakthroughs on the field of war and post-war care, but also historical artifacts from pivotal moments in American history.

For example, there is a display case that contains the bullet from the gun of John Wilkes Booth that killed President Abraham Lincoln, as well as Mr. Lincoln's death mask and casts of his hands at the time he died. There is the shattered leg bone of General Daniel E. Sickles who was wounded in the Battle of Gettysburg. Legend has it that after the war, Gen. Sickles would ride up to Walter Reed to visit his leg. Sickles was also the first person to employ an insanity defense during his trial for the murder of Francis Scott Key's son, Philip Barton Key. He was acquitted. The museum also features more then 15 cases detailing the evolution of the microscope--an important tool in the diagnosis of disease and evaluation of criminal evidence.

If you're looking for something unusual to see in D.C., the museum at Walter Reed is a definite must-see! Please note: Flash photography is not allowed in the museum, so make sure you take a tripod along if you're going to take pictures. And, if you're interested in venturing a little further afield, take a Saturday or Sunday and drive up to Philadelphia for the day and visit the Mutter Museum.


Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 3/08

Reflecting

Washington Monument x 2

Between the Lincoln Memorial and the World War II Memorial lies the Reflecting Pool. It makes for wonderful pictures of the Washington Monument. Note also, the Capitol in the background to the right of the Washington Monument. (Here's the same monument, but at sunrise. Note the Capitol on the left.)

Even in Washington, monuments and memorials have hierarchies of importance. Only the most iconic are lit the brightest. They are: the Capitol, the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Jefferson Memorial. Several months ago, the Washington Post featured an article about how monuments and memorials are prioritized. I'd love to share it with you, but it's in the archives and I'd have to pay $3.95 for a copy. (Ironic, given the digital/internet age we live in. Bad customer service, WaPo. Bad.)

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 2/08

Same Old Same Old?

Eight-second exposure without fill flash...

Eight-second exposure with fill flash...

When I started this blog last summer, my intention was to model it a bit after one of my all-time favorite photography and information blogs, Fog Bay. I try to feature something new and different, but interesting every time I post here. I confess, though, I haven't been as diverse as I'd like to be and I find that rather than posting one photo of something--like National Cathedral, for example--I post three or four photos over as many days.

The same is true of today's entry. I was out last night taking pictures of the Lincoln Memorial at night. I've already posted pictures and information about this memorial previously, so instead I'm going to steal a page out of Debi Cates' book (another blog I love) and ask you which you prefer.

Both of these were taken one right after the other. Please pardon my lack of photography jargon. I'm still learning here. The first one was an eight-second exposure without fill flash; focal length: 9.57 mm, exposure bias: -2; f 3.2. The second photo was also an eight-second exposure, but this time I used fill flash. The focal length was 7.30 mm, exposure bias: -2, and f 2.8.

Which do you prefer?

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 2/08

Two Things Challenge: Sign / Post

No Smoking, No Food or Drink, No Bikes, No Running.
No duh! Seems like a no-brainer, but I guess not.
Sign at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.

Quiet Respect Please

Out on one of my usual night time jaunts photographing monuments again. In so doing, I ran across these signs on posts.

The first is at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial near the statue called The Three Soliders. Sculpted by Frederick Hart, the statue was an addition to the memorial as a result of some controversy and outcry about the memorial wall having been designed by an Asian, architect Maya Lin. Once Hart was commissioned to do this statue, the furor died down. The Three Soldiers and the Wall complement each other beautifully and one wonders, 25 years later, what all the hubbub was about. I liked the sign right before you approach the statues. At the same time, it ticked me off. It's disappointing to think that visitors fail to have the common sense to know that they shouldn't do the "no-nos" listed here and that the monuments and memorials they visit deserve our respect and reverence.

The second is a sign at the entrance to the Lincoln Memorial. Again, it seems obvious that respect should be shown, but sadly such is not the case.

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 2/08

Emancipator

The Lincoln Memorial at sunrise.

South side of the Lincoln Memorial looking east toward the Washington Monument and the Capitol.

Detail of Lincoln's hand.

Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. Woodsman, Lawyer, Senator, President, Emancipator.

Located at the west end of the National Mall, the Lincoln Memorial—honoring our 16th president, the Great Emancipator, Abraham Lincoln—was authorized by Congress in 1911 and construction commenced in 1914. Building was completed in 1922 and dedicated by President Warren G. Harding. Lincoln’s only surviving son, Robert Todd Lincoln, attended the ceremonies. The Lincoln Memorial has been the site of many historical events, including the Rev. Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech, delivered in 1963 on the steps of the memorial (a plaque in the steps commemorates the event.) As you enter this memorial, take time to read Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, his Second Inaugural, and the quote above Lincoln’s statue sculpted by Daniel Chester French which reads:

In this temple, as in the hearts of the people for whom he saved the Union, the memory of Abraham Lincoln is enshrined forever.

Zip: 20024

Photo copyright: D.C. Confidential, 10/07.

Lincoln L'Oeil

An otherwise nondescript series of office buildings in the Penn Quarter.
Note the mosaic of Lincoln on the side of the building to the right, though.

Yes, that building!

Dig the balconies on this place!
And the mosaic of Lincoln.

One of the best art exhibits I ever attended was an exhibit of trompe l'oeil (the art of optical illusion) at the National Gallery of Art. Today, I ran out for a few minutes to go to the bank. I just happened to glance up 10th Street NW and noticed this fabulous example of trompe l'oeil art. At first, it looked like an arch over a set of balconies with a young Abraham Lincoln as the focal point above the arch. Upon closer inspection, though, I immediately realized this was trompe l'oeil.

This optical illusion is painted onto the side of a building that is directly across the street from Ford's Theater, where President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth in April 1865. The theater is one of D.C.'s most popular attractions and is currently undergoing a major renovation--it's first since the National Park Service took over the building almost 40 years ago. Prior to that, the building sat empty for more than 100 years.

To see this excellent example of tromp l'oeil art, go to 514 10th Street NW. The best views are from the corner of 10th and E Streets. (Or, if you can't come to D.C., click on the images above to see larger versions.)

Zip: 20004

Photography copyrights: D.C. Confidential (Janet M. Kincaid, 05/07)